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The oldest known beverage, tea is native of China and the word tea is derived from t’e of the Chinese Fukien dialect.
Brought from China to India by the British, the beverage has found an important home in its adopted country where, at present, there are over 1,585 tea gardens and a workforce of more than 1.1 million people.
India is not only the second-largest producer of tea in the world but also has the highest consumption of this hot beverage with about three-fourths of the country’s total produce consumed locally.
The estimated annual tea production in India is 1,382 million kgs in 2023-24.
Indian tea is among the finest in the world owing to strong geographical indications, heavy investment in tea processing units, continuous innovation, augmented product mix and strategic market expansion.
The country is home to a wide variety of teas, including CTC tea, orthodox tea, green tea and organic tea.
Unlike many other tea producing and exporting nations, India has a manufacturing base for both CTC and orthodox tea in addition to greentea.
India offers high-quality specialty teas, such as Darjeeling, Assam Orthodox and the high-range Nilgiris, which have a distinctive aroma, strength, colour and flavour.

Tea-All India Area and Production

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24	2024-25*
Area (Million Hectares)	0.63	0.56	0.60	0.61	0.61	0.6
Production (Million Tonnes)	1.39	1.25	1.34	1.36	1.38	1.4

Source: Tea Board, Gol; * April -Jan 2024-25

India’s total tea export stood at Rs. 6,582 million in FY22 and Rs. 6,155 in FY23.
India is the third largest tea exporter in the world (17 per cent of global exports) after Kenya (33 per cent) and China (25 per cent).

Tea Exports from India

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Value (Rs. Crore)	5,851	5,604	5,597	6,582	6,155

Source: Department of Commerce. Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Gol
https://tradestat commerce.gov.in

References:

1. http://www.teaboard.gov.in/home
2. https://www.tocklai.org/
3. https://www.ibef.org/exports/indian-tea
  industry#:text=Tea%20Export%20from%20India%20and%20Export%20Destinations&text=The%20total%20tea%20export%20was,)
  %2C%20China%20and%205ri%20Lanka
4. http://www.indiaagranet.com/indiaagronet/horticulture/CONTENTS/tea.htm

Maize is one of the most versatile emerging crops having wider adaptability under varied agro-climatic conditions.
It is the second rated grain used collectively in the form of foodstuff or fodder.
In India, maize is the third most important food crops after rice and wheat.
Globally, maize is known as queen of cereals because it has the highest genetic yield potential among the cereals.
Maize can be cultivated in any soil as it requires less fertile soil and chemical fertilizers.
Among the maize growing countries, India ranks 4^th in area and 7^th in production, representing around 4% of the world maize area and 2% of global production.
According to the Government’s Second Advance Estimates of production of major crops for the year 2024-25, Maize production in India is pegged at 37.3 million tonnes.
Andhra Pradesh (20.9%), Karnataka (16.5%), Rajasthan (9.9%), Maharashtra (9.1%), Bihar (8.9%), Uttar Pradesh (6.1%), Madhya Pradesh (5.7%), Himachal Pradesh (4.4%) are the predominant maize growing states that contributes more than 80% of the country’s total maize production.

Maize-All India Area and Production

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24	2024-25*
Area (Million Hectares)	9.6	9.9	10.0	10.7	11.2	–
Production (Million Tonnes)	28.7	31.6	33.7	38.1	37.7	37.3

Agriculture Statistics at a Glance 2023, Ministry of Agriculture & farmers Welfare, GoI

*Data for 2024-25 is for Second Advance Estimates

Maize has emerged as one of the significant foreign exchange earners for India.
he country has exported 14,42,671 MT of maize to the world for the worth of Rs. 3,660 crores/ US$444 Million in 2023-24.
Vietnam, Nepal, Bangladesh, Malaysia and Thailand were the major export destinations for maize during the year.

Maize Exports from India

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Value (Rs. Crore)	1,025	4,755	7,633	8,993	3,660

Source: Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Gol
https://tradestat commerce.gov.in

References:

1. https://farmer.gov.in/M_cropstaticsmaize.aspx
2. https://limr.icar.gov.in/india-maze-scenario/
3. https://www.apnikheti.com/

Rice or Oryza Sativa is a plant of Asian origin, primarily grown in India, China, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Philippines and Pakistan.
India has the world’s largest land area under rice cultivation, covering more than a quarter of the country’s total cultivated area and providing staple food to about 50% of the country’s population.
Rice is an essential part of the daily meal in the southern and eastern India while in the wheat-dominated northern and central parts of the country, rice is consumed daily or during festivals and special occasions.
Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Assam, Odisha, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are the major rice producing States.
With Carbohydrate (starch) as a key component, Rice is a nutritional staple food providing instant energy.
Rice provides one-fourth of our protein requirement and it is also the principal source of vitamins and minerals.
Due to the rich starch content of rice, various food materials are made out of rice flour and brewers even use it for making alcoholic malt.
Rice has variable composition and characteristics depending on the variety and climatic conditions under which the crop is cultivated.

Rice – All India Area and Production

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24	2024-25*
Area (Million Hectares)	43.7	45.8	46.3	47.8	47.8	–
Production (Million Tonnes)	118.9	124.4	129.5	135.7	137.8	136.4

Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance-2023, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India *Data for 2024-25 is for Second Advance Estimates

India is the largest rice exporter in the world expanding its footprint in the African, Asian and European Union markets.

Rice Exports from India

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Value (Rs. Crore)	545,427	65,405	72,116	89,622	86,194

Source: Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Gol (https://tradestat.commerce.gov.in/eidb/Default.asp)

References:

1. Handbook of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research
2. Textbook of Field Crops Production: Foodgrain Crops, Volume-I, Indian Council of Agricultural Research
3. https://farmer.gov.in/cropstaticsrice.aspx
4. https://www.apnikheti.com/en/pn/agriculture/crops/cereals/rice

Sugarcane is a widely grown crop in India.
Sugarcane, a perennial grass, belonging to bamboo family, provides employment to over a million people directly or indirectly besides contributing significantly to the national exchequer.
India is the world’s second-largest sugar producer after Brazil. China, Thailand, Pakistan and Mexico are the other major Sugarcane producers in the world.
Sugarcane is the main source of sugar, jaggery and khandsari.
About two-thirds of the total sugarcane produced in India is consumed for making jaggery and khandsari and only one third of it goes to sugar factories.
Sugarcane also provides raw material for manufacturing alcohol.
Maharashtra is the largest producer of sugar in India contributing about 34% of sugar in the country.
Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka together account for nearly 80 percent of the total sugar production in the country.
According to the Government’s Second Advance Estimates of production of major crops for the year 2024-25, the total production of Sugarcane in the country during 2024-25 is estimated at 435 million tonnes.

Sugarcane – All India Area and Production

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24	2024-25*
Area (Million Hectares)	4.6	4.8	5.2	5.9	5.7	–
Production (Million Tonnes)	370.5	405.4	439.4	490.5	453.2	435.1

Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2023, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India *Data for 2024-25 is for Second Advance Estimates

India exports sugar to around 121 countries across the globe including countries like Indonesia, Bangladesh, Sudan, U.A.E, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Nepal, China, USA, Singapore, Oman, Qatar, Turkey, Iran, Syria, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Germany, France, New Zealand, Denmark, Israel, Russia, Egypt, etc.

Sugar Exports from India

	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Value (Rs. Crore)	20,574	34,195	46,047	22,974

Source: Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Gol
https://tradestat commerce.gov.in

References:

Pulses are an important commodity group of crops that provide high quality protein complementing cereal proteins for pre-dominantly substantial vegetarian population of India.
Pulses are 20 to 25 per cent protein by weight which is double the protein content of wheat and three times that of rice.
In India, pulses can be produced with a minimum use of resources and hence, it becomes less costly even than animal protein
In comparison to other vegetables, pulses are rich in protein which are less expensive and can be cultivated as an inter-crop and also as mixed crop.
Pulses are mostly cultivated under rainfed conditions and do not require intensive irrigation facility and this is the reason why pulses are grown in areas left after satisfying the demand for cereals/cash crops.
Besides giving better returns, pulses improve soil fertility and physical structure, fit inmixed/inter-cropping system, crop rotations and dry farming and provide green pods for vegetable and nutritious fodder for cattle as well.
India is the largest producer, accounting for 26% of world’s production, and consumer with 30% of total pulses consumption in the world.
Major pulses grown in India are chickpeas (gram), pigeon pea (tur or arhar), moong beans, urad (black matpe), masur (lentil), peas and various kinds of beans.
The main regions growing pulses in India with high productivity levels are Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, delta region of West Bengal, coastal Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, coastal and eastern Karnataka and some parts of Maharashtra.
According to the Second Advance Estimates for Production of Major Crops in 2024-25, released by the Union Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, the total Pulses production during the year is estimated at 23 million tonnes.

Pulses – All India Area and Production

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24	2024-25*
Area (Million Hectares)	27.9	28.8	30.7	28.9	27.5	–
Production (Million Tonnes)	23.0	25.5	27.3	26.1	24.2	23.1

* Data for 2024-25 is for 2nd Advance Estimates
Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2023, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India
Note: Pulses includes tur, urad, moong, gram, lentils and other pulses

Pulses are an important group of crops in India, which is also responsible for yielding large financial gains by amounting for a large part of the exports.
The country has exported 6.26 LT of pulses to the world for the worth of Rs. 5,689 crores during the year 2023-24.

Pulses Export from India

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Value (Rs. Crore)	1,534	2,116	2,839	5,396	5,689

Source: Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India https://tradestat.commerce.gov.in

References:

Farmers’ Portal (https://farmer.gov.in)
Directorate of Pulses Development, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (http://apeda.gov.in)

India is the world’s second largest wheat grower after China.
Wheat is the main cereal crop in India.
The total area under the crop is about 32 million hectares in the country.
Various studies and researches show that wheat and wheat flour play an increasingly important role in the management of India’s food economy.
Indian wheat is largely a soft/medium hard, medium protein, white bread wheat, somewhat similar to U.S. hard white wheat.
Wheat grown in central and western India is typically hard, with high protein and high gluten content.
India also produces around 1.0-1.2 million tons of durum wheat, mostly in the state of Madhya Pradesh.
Wheat can be grown not only in the tropical and sub-tropical zones, but also in the temperate zone and the cold tracts of the far north, beyond even the 60 degree north altitude.
Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar and Gujarat are the major wheat growing states.

Wheat-All India Area and Production

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24	2024-25*
Area (Million Hectares)	31.4	31.1	30.5	31.4	31.8	31.6
Production (Million Tonnes)	107.9	109.6	107.7	110.6	113.3	115.4

Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.

*Data for 24-25 is for 2nd Advance Estimates

Today, India is exporting sufficient quantities of all types of wheat and extensive research efforts are underway for improving its cereals and grain output in the years to come.
Demand of India’s wheat in the world shows a rising trend.
The country has exported 1,88,288 MT of wheat to the world worth around Rs. 471 crores during the year 2023-24.

Wheat Exports from India

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Value (Rs. Crore)	443.16	4162.13	15,768.85	11,685.24	4,70.83

Source: Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India
https://tradestat commerce.gov.in

References:

1. Farmers’ Portal (https://farmer.gov.in)
2. Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (http://apeda.gov.in)

Tobacco cultivation in India was introduced by Portuguese in 1605.
Initially tobacco was grown in Kaira and Mehsana districts of Gujarat and later spread to other areas of the country.
Attempt to improve Indian tobacco began with the establishment of the Calcutta Botanical gardens in Howrah in 1787.
Commercial cultivation of Virginia tobacco in India in black soils commenced in the year 1920.
India is presently, the second largest tobacco producing country in the world with an annual tobacco production of around 870 million kgs.
Tobacco is cultivated in 13 States in the country.
Tobacco is a hardy and disease-resistant crop, grown largely in semi-arid and rain-fed areas.
Only 0.24% of the arable land in the country is used for cultivation of tobacco.
It is a disease resistant crop, grown in semi-arid and non-irrigated lands where no other viable cultivation is possible.
Different varieties of Tobacco such as Flue Cured Virginia (FCV), Burley, Oriental, Bidi, Chewing etc. are grown across India.
Tobacco sector provides livelihood to 4.6 crore people that includes farmers, labourers, poor rural population and tribal people and their families.
Tobacco and Tobacco products are a large contributor to the Government’s Tax Revenue contributing more than Rs.70,000 crores to the exchequer annually.
Exports of Tobacco and tobacco products fetch the country more than Rs.12,000 crores in precious foreign exchange annually.

Tobacco-All India Area and Production

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Area (Million Hectares)	0.40	0.36	0.39	0.38	0.41
Production (Million Tonnes)	800	760	820	770	870

Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2023, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India

India is one of the major tobaccos exporting country in the world.
Indian tobacco is exported to over 100 countries across the globe.

Tobacco Exports from India

	2018-19	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Value (Rs. Crore)	6,001	5,970	6,306	6,880	9,740	12,006

Source: Tobacco Board, Government of India

References:

1. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data
2. Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCI&S), Kolkata
3. Annual Reports, Tobacco Board, Gol

India is the second largest producer of groundnuts in the world.
Groundnut is a significant oilseed crop and is considered ideal for cultivation in tropic regions of India. It plays a major role in bridging the vegetable oil deficit in the country.
Groundnuts in India are available throughout the year due to a two-crop cycle harvested in March and October.
Groundnuts are important protein crops in India grown mostly under rain-fed conditions.
According to the Government’s Second Advance Estimates for production of major crops for the year 2024-25, Groundnut production in India is pegged at 11.31 million tonnes amidst the estimated record total oilseeds production of 42 million tonnes during the year.

Groundnut – All India Area and Production

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24	2024-25*
Area (Million Hectares)	4.8	6.0	5.7	5.0	4.7	–
Production (Million Tonnes)	9.9	10.2	10.1	10.3	10.2	11.3

Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2023, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India *Data for 2024-25 is for Second Advance Estimates

Gujarat is the largest producer of groundnuts in the country, which is followed by Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal and Rajasthan.
Gujarat alone accounts for 40% of total groundnut produced in the country.
India exported 6,80,698.61MT of groundnuts to the world for the worth of Rs. 7,135.35 Crores/ 860.68 USD Millions during the year 2023-24.
Groundnuts are majorly exported to Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand.

Groundnut Exports from India

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Value (Rs. Crore)	5,096.38	5,380.24	4,696.98	6,735.35	7,135.35

Source: Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Gol
https://tradestat commerce.gov.in

References:

1. Handbook of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research
2. https://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/SubHead_Products/Ground_Nut.htm
3. https://www.apnikheti.com/en/pn/agriculture/crops/oilseeds/groundnut

Cotton (Gossypium spp.), usually referred as White Gold, is one of the most important fibre and cash crop in India as well as in the world.
Besides fibre, cotton is also valued for its oil and cottonseed cake and several other byproducts.
Three Asian countries viz., China, India and Pakistan account for 57% of the world cotton production.
India ranks first in the world in area with 9.56 million hectares under cotton crop cultivation and second in total production after China. India accounts for around 25% of the total global cotton production.
India is also the 2nd largest consumer of cotton in the world consuming 21% of world cotton consumption of 25.2 Million Metric Tonnes.
Cotton is the major cash crop in India and accounts for 65% of the fibre used in the textile industry.
Cotton provides direct livelihood to 6 million farmers in India and about 40-50 million people are employed in cotton trade and its processing.
In India, cotton is grown on a large scale in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

Cotton-All India Area and Production

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24	2024-25
Area (Million Hectares)	12.6	13.5	13.3	12.9	12.5	–
Production (Million Bales)^	36.5	35.2	31.1	33.7	32.5	29.4

Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, GoI
^Bales of 170 Kgs, * Data for 2024-25 is for 2nd Advance Estimates

Cotton is one of the largest contributors to India’s net foreign exchange by way of exports in the form of raw cotton, intermediate products such as yarn and fabrics to ultimate finished products in the form of garments, made ups and knitwear.

Cotton Exports from India

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Value (Rs. Crore)	7,539.53	13,968.38	21,007.04	6,218.35	9,249.75

Source: Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India https://tradestat.commerce.gov.in

References:

Handbook of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICMR)
Field Crops Production-Commercial Crops, Volume-II, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICMR)
Note on Cotton Sector, Ministry of Textiles
(http://texmin.nic.in/sites/default/files/Cotton%20Sector.pdf

Bengal gram belongs to Leguminoseae family and is said to be one of the oldest pulses known and cultivated in Asia and Europe.
Bengal gram is a major pulse crop in India, widely grown for centuries and accounts for nearly 40 percent of the total pulse production.
It is a protein-rich supplement to cereal-based diets, especially to the poor who cannot afford animal protein.
The pulse proteins are rich in lysine and have low sulphur containing amino acids.
It is consumed in different forms all over country and thus, forms an important component of Indians’ diet.
It is used for human consumption as well as for feeding to animals.
India, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Burma and Turkey are main gram growing nations in the world.
India ranks first in the world in respect of production and acreage.
The Indian grams have been classified in 2 broad groups-Desi or brown gram and Kabuli or white gram.
Gram is grown practically on a variety of soil types ranging from very light to heavy ones.
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Maharashtra and Punjab are the major gram producing states in India.

Bengal Gram (Chickpeas) – All India Area and Production

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Area (Million Hectares)	9.55	9.70	9.99	10.74	10.47
Production (Million Tonnes)	9.94	11.08	11.91	13.54	12.26

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations (FAOSTAT)

Bengal Gram (Chickpeas) Exports from India

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Value (Rs. Crore)	731.52	1,018.89	813.04	2,549.06	1,836.66

Source: Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India.
https://tradestat commerce.gov.in

References:

http://agmarknet.gov.in/Others/bengal-gram-profile.pdf
https://www.apnikheti.com/en/pn/agriculture/crops/pulses/bengal-gram-chickpea
https://ikisan.com/ap-bengalgram-history.html

Millets refer to a variety of small-grained, warm-weather, drought resistant, annual cereals that are widely cultivated in many parts of the world.
Millets have been an important staple in parts of Asia and Africa for centuries. These grains are called nutritious grains or nutri-cereals due to their amazing nutritional composition.
India is a leading consumer, producer and exporter of nutri-cereals in the world. India,
Niger and China together account for more than half of the global production.
India produces 12 million MT of millets annually and accounts for around 40% of the global production of millets.
Millets are grown in about 21 states viz., Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Telangana, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, and Haryana.
Besides consumers, these nutri-cereals are being increasingly favoured by the farmers as these grains are climate-friendly and drought resistant crops and can be grown in infertile soil conditions.
Various varieties of millets are grown in India, viz., Sorghum (Jowar), Pearl millet (Bajra), Finger millet (Ragi), Barnyard millet (Sawa), Proso millet (Cheena), Foxtail millet (Kangni), Kodo millet (Kodo), Little millet (Kutki).
Millets are a rich source of protein, fibre, minerals, iron, calcium and have a low glycaemic index.
Millets are found to be gluten-free and are considered good food for people having diabetes.
Millets are anti-carcinogenic and anti-hypertensive thus aid people in keeping obesity and heart diseases at bay.

Millets-All India Area and Production

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Area (Million Hectares)	8.4	9.0	9.3	8.5	9.2
Production (Million Tonnes)	10.2	12.5	13.2	11.8	13.5

Source: Food and Agricultural Organization, United Nations (FAOSTAT)

India is one of the leading exporters of millets in the world. Nepal, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco, the UK, Yemen, Oman, and Algeria are the major export destinations.

Millets Exports from India

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Value (Rs. Crore)	308.21	317.39	340.35	460.63	466.20

Source: Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India https://tradestat.commerce.gov.in/eidb/Default.asp

India celebrated 2018 as the National Year of Millets for encouraging cultivation and consumption of these nutri-cereals,
The year 2023 has been earmarked as the International Year of Millets for raising awareness about the health benefits of the grain and its suitability for cultivation under changing climatic conditions.

References:

Handbook of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, GoI
Textbook of Field Crops Production: Foodgrain Crops, Volume-I, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, GoI
India Global Millets Forum-ICFA: https://icfa.org.in/assets/img/souvenirs/GLOBAL%20MILLETS%20FORUM.pdf

Chilli is a commercial crop grown in India.
It is used in India as principal ingredient in Indian cuisine.
Chilli is valued principally for its high pungency and colour.
Chilli is reported to be a native of South America and is widely distributed in all tropical and sub-tropical countries including India.
It was first introduced in India by Portuguese towards the end of 15th Century.
India is the world’s largest producer, consumer and exporter of chillies.
India is the world leader in chilli production followed by China, Thailand, Ethiopia and Indonesia.
Though chilli is grown in almost all the States of India, mostly it is grown in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu.
Indian chilli can be grown during the entire year in one or the other part of the country.
It grows on a wide variety of soils in tropical and sub-tropical climate with warm and humid weather condition.
Though, Chilli is grown in different soils, black soils are suitable for rain fed crop while well drained soils, delta soils and sandy loams are better suited for irrigated crop.
Chilli is cultivated in India in both Kharif and Rabi crop seasons.

Chillies and Peppers (Dry): All India Area and Production

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Area (Lakh Hectares)	7.80	6.26	7.02	6.78	8.52
Production (Million Tonnes)	1.74	1.83	2.04	1.87	2.78

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations (FAOSTAT)

Chilli Exports from India

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Value (Rs. Crore)	6,994.01	9,400.05	9,011.86	10,773.59	12,649.23

Source: Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India
(https://tradestat.commerce.gov.in)

Jute, popularly known as the Golden fibre of Eastern India, is the second important natural fibre crop after cotton.
India is the world’s largest producer of raw jute and jute goods, accounting for more than 50% and 40%, respectively, of global production.
This crop of hot and humid climate is exported as goods and also as a raw fibre.
With its insignificant share (0.68 million hectares) of the country’s total arable land area, Jute plays a predominant role in the country’s economy by generating employment and earning crucial foreign exchange reserves.
Around 1.7 lakh workers are directly employed in jute mills while around 2 lakh are associated with allied sector and tertiary activities.
Jute is a versatile raw material with diverse usage in various industries (textile, paper, building and automotive industries), as soil saver, as decorative and furnishing materials, etc.
Being a bio-degradable and annually renewable source, raw jute is recognized as an environment-friendly crop which helps in maintaining the environment and ecological balance.
The cultivation of jute is primarily confined to the eastern and north-eastern States viz., West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Odisha.
West Bengal accounts for nearly 50% of raw jute produced in India.

Jute- All India Area and Production

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24	2024-25*
Area (Million Hectares)	0.67	0.66	0.67	0.66	0.64	0.64
Production (Million Bales) ^	9.88	9.35	10.15	9.39	9.69	8.62

Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Gol

Bales of 180 Kgs, *Data for 2024-25 is for 2^nd Advance estimates

About 72% of the jute goods are consumed domestically and the remaining 28% are exported to countries like United Kingdom, Japan, Middle East, Europe, Africa, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand etc.

Raw Jute & Jute Goods Exports from India

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Value (Rs. Crore)	2,423.84	2,740.46	3,785.86	3,510.60	2,803.92

Source: Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Gol:
https://ijma.org/export-from-india.html

References:

1. Handbook of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, GoI
2. Pocket Book of Agricultural Statistics, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, GoI
3. https://farmer.gov.in/cropstaticsjute.aspx
4. https://www.agrifarming.in/jute-cultivation
5. https://www.jute.com/about-us/foq

Palm oil, also known as palm fruit oil, is said to be nature’s gift to the world.
Consumed for more than 5,000 years, its nutritional value, health benefits and value as a natural resource continue to be discovered even today.
Palm oil is produced from the fruit of the oil palm tree Elaeis guineensis.
Virgin palm oilis are rich in carotenoids (pro Vitamin A), tocotrienols and tocopherols (Vitamin E) and it contains no trans fatty acids.
Oil palm is the highest edible oil yielding plant, with a per hectare yield of 4 to 5 tons of crude palm oil as against a yield of 0.6 to 1 ton per hectare for Indian traditional oil crops such as Ground Nut, Gingelly, Sunflower, Cocoa Nut, Castor etc.
Oil palm is considered as Golden Palm due to its high yielding capacity.
Oil palm tree produces edible palm-oil as well as palm kernel–oil.
In India, oil palm crop provides the excellent substitute of importing the oil.
Oil palm requires less water compared to crops like Rice, Banana and Sugarcane for its optimum cultivation.
Underthe National Mission on Edible Oils (Oil Palm)- NMEO (OP), launched in 2021-22, the Government of India intends to promote oil palm cultivation for making the country Aatmanirbhar in edible oils with special focus on North Eastern States and Andaman & Nicobar by increasing area of Oil Palm from 3.70 lakh hectares to 10.00 lakh hectares in 2025-26.
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Assam, Kera la, Gujarat, Goa, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Tripura, West Bengal and some areas of Andaman are the major oil palm production states in India.

Palm Oil Production in India

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Production (Lakh Tonnes)	2.77	2.77	3.58	3.90	3.90

Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2023, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Association, Govt. of India

Oil Palm Exports from India

	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Value (Rs. Crore)	3.47	8.37	149.33	29.56	39.06

Source: Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India https:lltradestat.commerce.gov.in

References:

https:j /www.agrifarming.in/oi/-palm-cultivatian
Oil Palm India Limited, A Joint Venture of the Govt. of Kera/a & the Govt of India
https://nmeo.dac.gov.in/

India’s agricultural sector has been the backbone of its economy for centuries, and its significance remains paramount even in the contemporary era.
Agriculture, with its allied sectors, is the largest source of livelihood for the majority of India’s population, particularly in rural areas.
About 46% of the country’s total workforce was engaged in agriculture and allied sector during 2022-23.
India has the second-largest arable land resources in the world with 20 agri-climatic regions.

India’s Position in World Agriculture

SI.No.	Crop	India’s Production (Million Tonnes)	World’s Production (Million Tonnes)	% share of Production	India’s Rank
1	Pulses	21.56	84.69	25.45	1^st
2	Jute	1.76	3.52	49.95	1^st
3	Wheat	107.74	808.45	13.33	2^nd
4	Sugarcane	439.42	2025.97	21.69	2^nd
5	Groundnut	10.13	54.29	18.67	2^nd
6	Paddy	196.25	778.04	25.22	2^nd
7	Tobacco	0.75	6.09	12.30	2^nd
8	Tean	1.36	6.47	21.09	2^nd
9	Potatoes	5638	374.84	14.99	2^nd
10	Onion (Dry)	26.64	106.59	24.99	2^nd
11	CottonAA	53	25.2	21.05	2^nd

Source: Pocket Book of Agricultural Statistics 2021, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India: FAOSTAT, Tea Board of India (69th Annual Report) and United States Department of
Agriculture

According to the Economic Survey 2022-23, agriculture sector has been growing at an average annual growth rate of 4.6 per cent during the last six years. In recent years, India has also rapidly emerged as the net exporter of agricultural products.
The agriculture sector accounted for a sizeable 18% (2023-24) in Gross Value Added (GVA) of the country.
Growth in allied sectors including livestock, dairying and fisheries has been the major drivers of overall growth in the sector.
Agriculture sector plays a critical role in ensuring food security for over 1.4 billion people by producing a diverse range of crops, including grains, pulses, fruits, and vegetables.
India is a significant player in global agri exports, trading a wide array of agricultural products to international markets and generating substantial foreign exchange earnings for the country.
During 2023-24, the country’s agri exports stood at around US$ 49 billion.

References

Annual Reports, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India
The Economic Surveys, Government of India
PIB Release, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, March 5, 2024
https://www.ibet.org/industry/agriculture-presentation

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